This problem doesn't occur under Linux Mint 17.1 on the exact same computer. (It's a triple-boot)
Also, I do not have any sort of alternate texture pack installed.
Another example.
Notice how the clouds appear to be above the waterfall, though they are actually below it.
All the specks in the sky are upside down signs, following the player wearing my head. Actually, it works with any Player's Head.
This was in a singleplayer world. I even created a new world in case my old ones had somehow been corrupted.