Now wait a second, hold up! You don't need to fully opt out of the beta to avoid these problems, you just need to make a world without the Caves and Cliff's experimental toggled on. Everything else is OK.
After doing some thinking and looking at the issues related to this one, I am starting to become drawn to one conclusion: somehow, I think that the game thinks that there are two bottom edges or layers to a world: the y=-64 layer AND the y=0 layer, which was the designated end layer up until one of the early updates for the Caves and Cliffs changed that to y=-64. Think about it: on old worlds opened in this beta, all of the chunks that were previously generated got shifted up by exactly 64 blocks so that their bottom layer is at y=0 and for newly generated chunks and worlds, part of them are failing to generate past a certain point At which point does that happen? Directly after y=0. Somehow the game is back to thinking that y=0 is the bottom of the world, while still maintaining some notion that y=-64 is the bottom. This is an anomaly that the game cannot understand as there can't be TWO layers that are both considered to be the bottom of the world and so the game gets confused and starts going all haywire. That is what I think is happening.
This happened to me too. Though, most notably, you only teleport if you are underground when exiting the game. If you are above the surface, you do not teleport at all.
If you have a backup that was created before this update and hasn't been opened during this update, then simply do not open the backup until the bug is fixed. Changes and bugs only affect worlds that have been opened while the they are still in effect. Once the bug is removed, it will be safe to open it without the bug occurring.
So I did some testing and I can safely rule out all of the other experimental toggles except for the Caves and Cliff's toggle. Every time this toggle is activated, this happens, regardless of what other experimental toggles you have active alongside it. This is also true for that teleportation glitch that others have been reporting as well (which, notably, only happens when the player is below ground). Also, I noticed that this glitch does not affect chunks that are newly generated, rather it only affects (some) chunks that have been reloaded. I spawned into a creative world, dug straight down to the bottom of the world through the bedrock layer to see the chunks from below. There were no chunks that failed to load. I then went 200 in one direction, no errors. I then doubled back on myself for 200 blocks and that's when the chunks started failing to load properly.
The game says that I am at like y=110 even though I am right above the sea (which, under normal circumstances, is at y=64), just to confirm your suspicion, Gruntastic. Also, I get the feeling that this bug and another one where new worlds cannot load chunks below y=0 are related to each other.
The same thing happened to me. on Android. All my items are gone, my wolves and horses died, with messages popping up saying that they suffocated in a wall. My villagers are gone, probably met the same fate as my wolves and horses. The game somehow reverted back to the old y-level system, where the game considers y=0 to be the bottom of the world rather than y=-64. My base is just above sea level (y=64), but the game says that I'm at around y=110. The clouds fly right through my base, even. Also, I am going to ask you to please be respectful about this. This is a beta after all and we are beta testers. We are to expect that with each new update there is a chance that something may go very wrong (and usually something ALWAYS goes wrong). If you are not about dealing with these sorts of things, then maybe the beta program isn't for you. Also, and I just realized this myself, if you do not want to leave, then I would suggest copying your worlds before updating the game. That way you can test to see what's happening while having a backup in case anything goes wrong.
Oh! And one last thing that I forgot to mention and this is important to note: when no experimental toggles are selected, the world generates normally down to y=0. Could this have somehow crossed over into the Caves and Cliffs toggle? I'm not certain, but maybe...