Playing on a private server, when I placed a mine cart and hopped in, it kicked me out with this error message. It continued to log me out whenever I logged back in. A friend went and destroyed my remaining mine cart and then I was able to log back in.
To verify the bug, I placed the mine cart on a different portion of track, and as soon as I jumped in it kicked BOTH of us out of the game, and the server started throwing all kinds of errors trying to log in.
We had to restart the server (it was spinning up one CPU at full bore).
Vanilla server, vanilla clients running 1.9.1.
Update: My friend is now able to log in after restarting the server. However as soon as I log in, it kicks him and I don't manage to connect. I get about a frame of game before it kicks me, and it seems like I'm still in a mine cart – however the mine cart no longer appears in the server when my friend views it, so he can no longer punch it away.
Workaround for anyone with access to the player data files:
You can fix yourself. Follow the first several steps at the link below to open up your player data (need UUID for a given player's name).
http://www.akliz.net/manage/knowledgebase/48/How-to-Reset-a-Playerandsharp039s-Location-and-Inventory-on-a-Minecraft-Server.html
Probably make a backup of the player data file just in case.
In NBTExplorer, delete the RootVehicle node in the data tree. Save and replace back where it came from.
This worked to get me out of the minecart that didn't exist, and stopped booting my friend whenever I logged on.