Simple test without any other blocks around the slime block. Slime block started against the piston. When button is pushed, the slime block and upward facing piston are pushed out but only the bottom piston is pulled back.
Edit: Upon further testing, it doesn't matter what the block under the piston is. I replaced the upward facing sticky piston with a stone block and the slime block would not retract.
This appears to be back in 14w31a. Lead a horse through a nether portal from the overworld by walking around the portal (horse went through and I didn't). I then went through the portal and couldn't find the lead so I went back to the overworld. Upon arriving, I ended up with 2 leads. I can push the horse through with the same results.
It seems that since the slime block is attached to a another block that is attached to an extended piston, it won't pulll back that block. I replaced the bottom sticky piston with a normal piston and had the same effect. Putting the slime block on the bottom and another block on top, the slime block will retract. My conclusion is that the top piston will update before the bottom so it would register that the slime block is trying to move an extended piston (which can't be done).