I have this same issue and I believe I know what is causing it, at least on my system. I happen to be using an AMD video card and the corresponding drivers which come bundled with a recording app called Plays.TV. The launcher graphical issues only occur when Plays.TV is running and cease if Plays.TV is closed and the launcher is restarted. Hopefully this info is of some use.
Can confirm I have this issue as well on my calibrated display. When exiting minecraft the calibration is removed until I load it (the calibration profile) up again.
I have this same issue and I believe I know what is causing it, at least on my system. I happen to be using an AMD video card and the corresponding drivers which come bundled with a recording app called Plays.TV. The launcher graphical issues only occur when Plays.TV is running and cease if Plays.TV is closed and the launcher is restarted. Hopefully this info is of some use.