I was having this problem too for weeks, and I just logged on and tried again, and it worked!! I had already done all of the other tricks mentioned earlier. This time, I opened the Xbox app and went to the Minecraft Launcher, hit the "..." and select Manage. Then I hit "Files" and then "verify and repair." I'm not sure if this is what actually got my achievements to work, but right after I did this, I went into to the games, punched a tree, and got an achievement!!!!!!
I was having this problem too for weeks, and I just logged on and tried again, and it worked!! I had already done all of the other tricks mentioned earlier. This time, I opened the Xbox app and went to the Minecraft Launcher, hit the "..." and select Manage. Then I hit "Files" and then "verify and repair." I'm not sure if this is what actually got my achievements to work, but right after I did this, I went into to the games, punched a tree, and got an achievement!!!!!!