To clarify the image, what I meant was that the weather target is still depth checked in transparency.fsh. This means that even though depth writes are off, the translucency shader depth-checks it and (correctly) does what's shown in the image (putting the beams in the back).
Update: It seems like this is not restricted to Java, but this issue is happening across many languages due to a change in how date formatting is handled in Unicode. I'll look for a fix and post a code analysis.
I have managed to reproduce the issue on macOS, on a fresh install of Minecraft and Java 20.
This is definitely a modded environment, as this issue is caused by an mod failing to inject into the vanilla game code.
This is caused by the new LWJGL update utilizing
GLFW_SOFT_FULLSCREEN, a hidden constant. On Windows, soft fullscreen is intentionally caused by missizing the window by one pixel.as far as I understand, this is completely intentional on a window level, and MC just needs to hide this by showing the size minus one pixel.