Horse taking damage inside Obsidian frame after travelling through portal (Survival Server, although I was temporarily in Creative mode to spawn in a horse to sacrafic.)
Second picture show there was open space around the portal (and the same issue has occurred with much larger open spaces than shown here). It is less common with wider portals (i.e. 3x3 in place of standard 2x3) but can still occur. With standard sized portals it seems to occur the majority of the time.
Confirmed in Minecraft 1.10 and 1.10.2.
Widening portals to 3 or 4 blocks wide lessened the chance that it would happen, but did not eliminate the problem. I generally dismount my horse and then push it into the portal, but have the same problem that the horse spawns on the other side stuck in the obsidian frame potentially dying from suffocation damage if not quickly mounted and moved away. In a related phenomena, I have also had a horse die of suffocation damage while swimming (alone and unmounted) in a small lake. The lake had a dirt overhang in one part and the horse swam under it and got stuck inside the block and suffocated to death. So this seems to be a reoccurring issue with horses and suffocation damage in blocks. I have noticed that the horse seems more likely to get stuck in the obsidian frame of a portal if it is moving while it teleports to the other side. It seems as though the horse keeps moving during transit and walks into a location that is then occupied by the obsidian block when the world loads. Perhaps an error in the movement code for horses?
Possible solutions:
1. Allow player and horse to enter portal together while mounted (may or may not fix error, depending on cause).
2. Remove suffocation damage in solid blocks. Suffocation damage almost always happens as a glitch of some sort. Damage taken from gravel or sand falling onto a player's/entity's location makes sense, or from entering low clearances while on a minecart maybe. But there have been reoccurring issues since beta minecraft of entities dying from block suffocation getting stuck in walls, corners, fences, etc. Furthermore mechanics while riding a horse under low clearance are implemented poorly, especially in jagged terrain. Even just slightly walking over a chest in a room with only a 3 block height will result in this "head" damage, and in caves a player can easily become hopelessly stuck in a wall taking damage with a black screen. It is incurred far to frequently and easily, and furthermore makes little sense. The horse mounted player should be stopped from entering the space rather than magically phasing his head inside a solid rock and then being hurt by it (or, you know, maybe add a head ducking animation). One must ask, for the preponderance of glitches, accidental mob/player deaths, and poorly designed mechanics, what is the purpose for taking damage in this way? The game, in theory, should never allow you or any other entity to phase inside of a solid block in survival mode in the first place, so why punish players because the game made an error?
I'm also playing on my own 1.11.2 multiplayer server and the problem still persists. Likewise I have a guardian farm that sends guardians to the nether, which I spent many days building all in Survival. It doesn't work at all now. There are numerous reports of this same bug throughout bugs.mojang.com. Many of them claimed to be resolved. Yet no resolution is actually given on any of the many bug reports and their duplicates.
The best Mojang mods have offered is simply to reiterate that mobs despawn if the chunk is unloaded, completely ignoring, time after time, the specific situation people are explaining. That is, bobs being sent to a completely unloaded chunk in the nether, where mobs should remain in an unloaded state until a player enters the nether, at which point they should be there.
Nether portals have worked this way since they were introduced in Beta. They continued to work this way up until some point in release 1.8. Yet the the mods here reply as if this change never happened, neither confirming it was an intentional change nor admitting it is a bug.
The simple fact is that the way mobs despawn in other dimensions changed radically and broke the functionality of many complex, time consuming builds. It has been over a year and the developers still won't even say if it's a bug or an intentional change (which is unlikely since it only changed for multi-player but not single-player), let alone actually try to resolve the issue.