The bug
The advancement background is not using textures provided by the resources.zip
(world) resource pack in the world folder.
How to reproduce
Create a new world
Place the
file in the world
data/advancements/custom
Place the
file in the world folder
Reopen the world
→ You will see that the advancement uses the modified bedrock texture but is unable to load the background text
Notes
You can load the resource pack as external one to make sure that advancement backgrounds are working and the used files are correct.
It looks like it is working correctly the first time you open the world directly after starting the game, but upon reopening the world it is not working anymore.
Looks like this does not happen when you load the world with the resource pack for the first time, but reopening causes this bug.