Usually when a powered rail, detector rail or activator rail gets destroyed it sends out block updates to the blocks diagonally below it.
In 17w50a, when you have a powered/detector/activator rail and you push it away with a piston, then it does not send out block updates diagonally below it.
This can cause some blocks to get into invalid states.
In
[media]you see a contraption. If you flick the lever, then you get
[media]. In this picture the powered rail on the lower block is in an invalid state because it´s on even though it is not powered by anything. That rail should have been updated when the upper powered rail was pushed away, but it wasn´t.
(Also this is not a duplicate of MC-96224, because the bug I´m describing here was newly introduced in the 1.13 snapshots and didn´t exist before, while MC-96224 is older, and secondly this bug is about block updates missing when a rail starts being pushed, while MC-96224 is about block updates missing when a rail finishes being pushed).
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This affects the following situations:
powered rails do not update their powered state
stairs do not update the shape
fences/walls/glass panes/iron bars do not update connections
support requiring blocks do not drop
gravity affected blocks do not fall
activated detector rails do not unpower redstone dust
redstone stays attached to wall
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This appears to be fixed in 18w01a.
Reopened, see MC-123922

even the rail bug originally from that bug isn't fixed yet
Bug stair: https://imgur.com/jcjT7q0
Bug rail: https://imgur.com/onBgND9

This bug is still present in 18w08b.
It also happens with plants.

Can confirm for 1.16.4

Affects 20w46a
Can confirm in 20w51a.

Can confirm on 1.16.5, Paper multiplayer server, latest build.
Can confirm in 21w03a.
Can confirm in 21w05b.

Requesting ownership as the current reporter has been inactive since 2018
Can confirm in 21w07a.

Can confirm in 1.17 pre-1
Myren is actually still active, you can send him a message on discord.

Confirmed in 1.21.3