See attached screenshots. A detector rail that was powered and then moved into a spot where it should be powering the redstone dust underneath did not update the redstone dust after being moved. Only after updating the redstone dust by placing a block next to it did it power up.
Likely also affects similar configurations where the powered component (dust in this case) doesn't receive a block update after moving the rail.
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Can confirm.
Can confirm for 1.12, probably related to MC-11919
Can confirm for the 17w43a/b snapshots.
Can confirm for 1.13-pre3

I can confirm that this is an update bug. Place the detector rail in a direction in which it changes its orientation upon moving it with the piston. This should cause it to adjust and thereby updating the redstone powered state. At least I got it to work myself. Also this happens when the rail is moved by slimeblocks. I found out when experimenting with trying to make railcart track switching thing.

Confirmed in 1.16.1.
Can confirm in 23w41a:
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