If killed in one hit, bees will still anger towards the player while playing the death animation. This can be seen by the bee's texture changing as it angers and dies. This is confirmed by testing a loot table condition using the nbt tag "{Anger:0}", the loot table will execute in creative mode or if the bee has the tag "{NoAI:1}", but not in survival with AI enabled.
No other neutral mob has this behavior, for example untamed wolves will not change their texture when killed by a player in survival in one hit, and applying the same loot table test confirms this. Zombie Pigmen will not aggravate other pigmen around it if killed on one hit by a player in survival.
Because no other neutral mob behaves this way, this bee behavior is likely unintended.
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This is intended behaviour. It's actually already reported as a bug that this does NOT happen: https://bugs.mojang.com/browse/MC-2432
So either it's working as intended or not actually happening.
Bedrock edition has this issue with zombified piglins. MCPE-68327
Since this has been fixed and was apparently unintended is MC-2432 supposed to be working as intended as well?
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Can confirm; only the killed bee is angered and surrounding bees ignore the player.