Although goats do cause knockback to things they hit, blocking with a shield can fully negate knockback from a ramming goat.
To reproduce
Spawn a goat
Wait for the goat to ram and block with a shield
β β The shield negates the knockback from the goat.
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Possibly relates to MC-223239

Relates toΒ MC-217567
Can confirm.
Can confirm in 21w16a.
Can confirm in 1.17.
Can confirm in 1.17.1.

Can confirm for 1.18 Pre-1
Can confirm in 1.18.1.

In 22w03a.

In 22w05a
Can confirm in 1.18.2.
Can confirm in 1.19.
Can confirm in 1.19.1. Just to make life easier and to take away the time of waiting for the goat to ram you, you can simply alter its NBT data through the use of the command below in order to make it ram you within a couple of seconds.
/execute as @e[type=minecraft:goat,limit=1,sort=nearest] run data modify entity @s Brain.memories."minecraft:ram_cooldown_ticks".value set value 1
Can confirm in 1.19.2.