If the relative velocity for a spear is low and your camera angle is low (roughtly below the midpoint of the entity you’re attacking), the charge attack will never deal knockback, even if it is in the right stage to deal knockback or even if it has the enchantment.
Steps to reproduce:
Summon a mannequin and get a wooden spear on a flat world
Give yourself the speed effect at level 1 (through the potion or commands)
Angle your camera roughly 15 degrees below the horizon or more (using f3 or /tp @s ~ ~ ~ 0 15)
Without moving your camera and with the spear charged, walk towards the mannequin
(note: the same effect can also be observed, though less reliably, by using a spear on a husk walking towards you in survival mode by sprinting without the speed effect)
Expected result: The mannequin would take damage and knockback, and the result would be independent of camera angle so long as you are looking at the mannequin.
Actual result: The mannequin only takes damage, and cannot take knockback in this situation even if the spear is enchanted with knockback.
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