All arrows are supposed to deal more damage based on speed, even ones from dispensers.
From the wiki:"Arrows fired from dispensers always do 3 (1.5 hearts) damage unless their velocity is modified by an external source"
But in bedrock 1.19 and above, it doesnt seem to be the case.
Steps to reproduce:
Load the structure file provided using a structure block (make sure the front of the gun faces an open space)
Place a few iron golems in front of the gun
Press the button to fire the gun
Expected result: The Golems get killed instantly (as the arrows are going fast enough to do that)
Observed result: Barely any damage is dealt
This also affects all 1.19 versions in bedrock on all bedrock platforms. It doesnt exist in 1.18 bedrock or java
1.18 bedrock: https://youtu.be/7ajz5-ocCrM?t=59
Java: https://youtu.be/YQLiXXncdKk?t=35
Update: I managed to get an accurate velocity measurement of the arrows which is 1500 blocks/s or 75 blocks/game tick for this railgun. The arrows should deal 150 dmg using the 2 damage/(block/game tick) damage value for normal arrows. (vid of me measuring the speed is attached, i played the vid frame by frame when the cannon fired)
Update 31/7/23 : Bug still affects 1.20.12 and other 1.20 versions. Also tested in 1.18.0, with normal and harming arrows, and only the harming arrows killed the golems proving GoldenHelmet's hypothesis correct.
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The railgun i provided in the structure file fires a blast of arrows at such a high speed that its supposed to kill a golem in one shot. In this case the arrow velocity is modified by an external source which is the 108 tnt. Anyway only one of those arrows can actually damage the golem because of i-frames.
In the attached video and the Bedrock youtube video that you linked you are using Harming-tipped arrows. Most likely the harming damage is dealt first, and that triggers damage immunity which cancels the arrow damage. Prior to the 1.18.30 combat fixes, status effect damage did not trigger damage immunity (MCPE-39732).
Does arrow damage in your railgun work as expected if you use normal arrows, like in the Java Edition video you linked?
According to the wiki the harming effect on arrows adds to the base damage of the arrow, so its counted as one damage instance, and doesn't add any damage once the arrow does more than 12 damage. I also tested the rail gun using harming arrows, but the arrows also dont instakill the golems.
The arrow damage didn't work as expected as the tnt propels the arrows to more than 1km/s according to long distance measurements, more than enough to instakill a golem if the damage values stated on the wiki are correct which it likely is according to when i use manually bow loaded arrows.
Thank god it’s confirmed. One step closer to being fixed(which i really want to be) so i dont have to manually load my railguns with arrows for them to be effective.
Also surprised that no one chose to report on this judging on what i saw with others trying to create dispensed arrow railguns in bedrock.
It might be helpful if you can determine exactly how many arrows it takes to kill a single particular mob (shooting one at a time). This would allow an accurate calculation of the exact damage dealt.