When attempting to set an empty mob spawner to spawn a specific mob (using spawn eggs), I can't set the spawner to spawn Squid, Tropical Fish, Salmon, or Pufferfish, basically any sea creatures.
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No. It just results in regular spawn egg behavior (Spaw a single instance of the given mob). I can try again (maybe it was just a fluke) and all comment my findings.
I think it's probably the same issue as described at MCPE-33615 and MCPE-33872, where the water block acts as a barrier in front of the player.

Okay. After trying it again, I discovered that it only doesn't work when the spawner is in water. When it is not in water, it behaves as expected.
So yes. It is possible and likely that this issue is related to the ones you mentioned.
Does it work if you move very close to the spawner?