MC-244692 , MC-244153 and MC-243990 refer to this same problem.
I think the source of the issue is that 1.18 generates different locations for strongholds than what 1.17 and earlier were producing.
Beyond the problem of strongholds not generating if their chunk was already generated, the location changes mean that /locate and Eyes of Ender no longer point to strongholds that were generated in 1.17 or earlier.
This bug has the same root cause as MC-135996 , the location of strongholds changed between versions (between 1.12 and 1.13 in that case).
From looking at it on ChunkBase the change in location for 1.12 to 1.13 is usually minor for the innermost strongholds but diverges more the further out you go from the origin.
Meanwhile the change in location between 1.17 and 1.18 is much more noticeable at the innermost strongholds.