Boats and shulkers aren't blocks, but entities. Blocks should have fall damage sound effects, but I don't know if it was intended for these sound effects to play if, for example, you fell from >4 blocks onto a shulker.
Can you please be more specific and maybe attach a video of the bug? For example: What kind of food? What's the Minecraft version?
And I don't quite understand what happened here. Do you mean that you made the character (Steve) eat food and the game crashed? And maybe the launcher message has more information if you click "Show details" or the like.
Can you try to recreate it and attach a video? I feel like this is too vague of an issue to fix given the amount of detail here.
I was playing and went to the Nether and back (after the Nether Update). This happened
Once I broke the torches and placed them again, it was fixed.
I'm sure that this is a problem with the hardware. Can you show the debug screen's lag "graph"? (alt+f3 or shift+alt=+f3, the graph is in the bottom left corner) Or maybe you could show the operating system and current options (including particle effects and render distance), as these can have effects on the speed of your machine / Minecraft.