Boats and shulkers aren't blocks, but entities. Blocks should have fall damage sound effects, but I don't know if it was intended for these sound effects to play if, for example, you fell from >4 blocks onto a shulker.
Can you please be more specific and maybe attach a video of the bug? For example: What kind of food? What's the Minecraft version?
And I don't quite understand what happened here. Do you mean that you made the character (Steve) eat food and the game crashed? And maybe the launcher message has more information if you click "Show details" or the like.
Can you try to recreate it and attach a video? I feel like this is too vague of an issue to fix given the amount of detail here.
I don't know if this is the exact same issue you have, but I have a similar (if not same) issue that I randomly found.
Steps to reproduce:
Place down a sideways sticky piston
Dig a 1 block hole in front of the piston and fill with water, lava, or nothing
Place any block on the front of the sticky piston
Place lever next to sticky piston
Pull lever
Once the piston is extended, stand on the piston arm (the part that does the extending)
Pull the lever again and walk forward
Your camera/head should be inside of the block you placed on the piston. If you want to exit, dig another hole next to the water block and place a slab down.
I was playing and went to the Nether and back (after the Nether Update). This happened
[media]Once I broke the torches and placed them again, it was fixed.
I'm sure that this is a problem with the hardware. Can you show the debug screen's lag "graph"? (alt+f3 or shift+alt=+f3, the graph is in the bottom left corner) Or maybe you could show the operating system and current options (including particle effects and render distance), as these can have effects on the speed of your machine / Minecraft.