I can confirm this issue. It just happened to me while holding an egg.
I just updated to 0.14 and the whole game just shows that green screen. Interesting thing is the following:
Recently I've changed my graphics card. I had this issue with 0.13 and my Radeon HD 7750. After I've installed a GTX 980 version 0.13 worked fine without that green screen. Now after the update to 0.14 it's back again. Kinda frustrating... Fate doesn't want to let me play the Windows 10 Edition for some reason...
Forget the last part. This was related to Windows 10 installing some basic display drivers on its own. After installing the latest Nvidia drivers the game works just fine with the GTX 980.
No, the music didn't start playing after the slider was turned down to muted.
Edit: This issue is probably somehow related to MC-35856 because when it occured, the music didn't stop even after going back to the title screen.
This issue is also affection version 0.13.1 on my Windows 10 machine. Right after the Mojang splash screen the whole game turns green. It runs just fine and plays music. Even buttons are clickable and worlds can be loaded, but I can't see a thing beside that green color making the game unplayable for me. I can't go back to an older version so I need you to fix it. Please look into it.
This bug occured for me too after I've updated the Windows 10 Edition to the latest version (beta 0.13.0). The screen turns completely green after the Mojang splash screen is gone.
This bug still appears in 0.14.0 (Windows 10 Edition). The mined ore block (diamond, coal, etc.) often doesn't drop experience but the (stone) blocks next to it do instead.