When an item with a right click action (tested here using a fishing rod) is used while aiming at a block which has another right click action which is not relevant to the held item (tested here with flower pots and signs), the block's right-click action takes precedence over the item's. Since the right click action of the block neither opens a GUI (as in storage containers, enchantment tables, command blocks, etc.) nor does it toggle a block state (as in doors, levers, buttons, berry bushes and others), one would expect the item's action to override the block's. However, this is not the case.
Currently affected blocks are:
signs (see MC-166885)
wall signs (see MC-166885)
flower pots (see MC-195095, do not cause hand animation); see also the special case MC-193010
lecterns (see MC-195095, do not cause hand animation)
bells (ringing; this doesn't fall under a blockstate change or gui opening, so probably not intended)
dragon eggs (when they can't teleport)
cake (only if the item to be used is in the offhand and the main hand is empty, see MC-114718; does not cause hand animation)
beds (if they cannot set the spawn point)
chests (when obstructed)
trapped chests (when obstructed)
ender chests (when obstructed)
shulker boxes (when obstructed)
decorated pot (when full)
Pressed-in buttons also block right click actions in a manner similar to flower pots, however this behaviour should be kept to stop accidental item use when pressing buttons.
Note blocks are not included here as right clicking obstructed note blocks does indeed change their block states, however this is difficult to notice.
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Fixed for bells in 42a.

Can confirm in 1.15.2 with shield and sweet berries (originally reported in MC-185018)

@@unknown, why did you remove flower pots and lecterns from the list? I have added them back now.

He created a separate ticket for them, because the hand animation doesn't play on these blocks: MC-195095
Can confirm in 20w51a.
Can confirm in 21w05a.
Can confirm in 21w05b.

I am able to use food items on redstone ore blocks.
With food in hand, holding right click upon a redstone ore block will play the use hand animation repeatedly, without breaking the redstone, and all while the player is not hungry. My described issue is present in 1.16.5.
Can confirm in 21w06a.

Can confirm in 21w17a

Can confirm in 21w18a.

Can confirm in 1.17.1.

Affects 1.18

Affects 1.18.1
Can confirm in 1.18.2.
Can confirm in 1.19.
Can confirm in 1.19.2.