I tested again (using the official Minecraft Launcher), and it seems to be fixed in 24w34a, so I guess this issue can be closed now.
I just tested again on two different setups (my ThinkPad T430 laptop and my friend's Windows 10 PC), and on both, the bug occurred. I also did a debug crash (F3+C) and attached the crash report.
My randomTickSpeed was completely normal (3).
I tested again (using the official Minecraft Launcher), and it seems to be fixed in 24w34a, so I guess this issue can be closed now.