That's the whole point of a dropper, to drop items; not to place them.
The screenshot thing, are you using f2 or prt sc?
You might be able to fix this by just giving the game a lag spike by changing options,
E.g: Setting mipmap levels to one below or above your current setting, then changing them back.
Yeah, it would be a bug if this was not the case
If it said "missing or obstructed" either the bed was broken, or there was no space around it to respawn.
Also, for future reference, if a chat message is given that isn't specifically a bug report, don't post here.
Doesn't work
Is gamerule DoTileDrops true? That's the only thing I can think of to fix it...