The bug
Clouds, item and block displays, and semi-transparent blocks and entities don't render behind text displays. This occurs even in Fabulous! graphics settings.
[media]Linked issues
is duplicated by
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Same root cause as MC-162693.

Can confirm 1.20-pre1

Can confirm 1.20-pre6
This is still a major issue. Using ArmorStands for "holograms" is still a better option if you want to have a semi-transparent background, as you can't see any entities as well as several block types through text displays. Armorstand nametags are not affected.

Can confirm in 23w31a.

Can confirm for 1.20.1. As MrKinau said, armor stands remain a better option for displaying floating text as their transparency is correctly managed.

Can confirm 23w41a

Can confirm 23w44a

Can confirm 23w45a

Can confirm 1.20.4

can confirm in newest snapshot (24w07a)

Can confirm 24w19a

Can confirm 1.21.1

Confirmed in 1.21.4 release candidate 3

I can confirm this is still an issue on 1.21.4. This bug kills a lot of fun features that could be implemented with Text Displays. I’ve recently been trying to make “dyeable” item frames with Text Displays and it works when you first spawn a Text Display in, but if you leave the area and come back, then this bug occurs. I’ve attached two pictures, the first one is what it should look like and the second one is when this bug occurs.
[media][media]
Confirmed 1.21.5
Probably caused by MC-186538 or a similar bug.