Shown are Hindi, Kannada, Nuu-chah-nulth, Tamil, and Yoruba, whose glyphs rely on combining characters. However, they render as separate characters (notice the dotted circles), rather than appearing on top of adjacent characters, causing the text to be borderline unreadable.
Bengali, Kildin Sami, and Yiddish are also affected. Consequently, this also affects other Indic languages, languages that require the extended Cyrillic character set with macrons (а̄ е̄ о̄ я̄ э̄ ю̄) and those with diacritics; moreover, potential new languages that are not yet translated on Minecraft Crowdin but cannot be supported otherwise, for example, Eudeve with macron below characters like a̱ e̱ i̱ o̱ u̱.
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I think it might make more sense to have a separate ticket for every language (that is supported by Minecraft) that is affected by this issue instead of having a single ticket for them all. Hindi and Yiddish already have their own tickets. Please create new tickets for the other affected languages as well.
Edit: If two languages use the same script (and thus the same combining characters), only one ticket is needed, naturally.

Confirmed in 20w27a

MC-160486 is a duplicate and was falsely closed as a suggestion

@@unknown, if one language is resolved others will resolve too. They all use the same method to render properly, see Wikipedia

@@unknown, i'm fully agree with you. @@unknown, If you still active i think that it would be a far more logical to do so.
I think there no reason why it doesnt need to be merged with MC-41808 and MC-159657, cause it litteraly the same bug, that affects just languages using that method to render properly, and has nothing to do with scripts of these languages.

Can confirm in 1.17.1.

Why is this still open, I mean it literally makes it illegible, I thought of playing in my own language only to see that I couldn't even read it.
@unknown, this ticket is still open as this issue is yet to be reviewed by Mojang Studios.

Yeah isn't this kind of a big deal?

Can confirm in 21w40a, was resolved as "Won't Fix" for Hindi (MC-41808).

Can confirm in 21w41a. This might be a duplicate of MC-87751.

Can confirm in 21w43a.

Can confirm in 1.18 Pre-Release 7

still affects version up to 1.18.2 and snapshot 22w17a, honestly really upsetting :/

Two things, please update the ticket:
1) I can't find Nuu-chah-nulth anywhere in the languages menu in 1.18.2. I think it might have been quietly removed.
2) You missed some combining character issues with the Yorùbá language, which has about 43 million native speakers, mostly in Nigeria. The issue arises when letters like ọ and ẹ are given tonal markers like ` and ´. Attached are two examples I found in-game of ọ́ and ẹ̀ being rendered incorrectly:
[media][media]

Please update the ticket in accordance with my previous comment

Those are just examples, but sure, I have added Yoruba to the list of affected languages in the description.

Present in 1.19-pre1.

Present in 1.19-pre2.

Present in 1.19-pre3.

Present in 1.19-pre4.

Present in 1.19-pre5.

Present in 1.19-rc1.

Present in 1.19-rc2.

Present in 22w24a.

Present in 1.19.2.

All most all if not all Indian scripts rely on the combining of characters and diacritics so this bug affects a lot of languages.

To add to it, and to make this active, there is also Ы̄ ы̄ and Ё̄ ё̄ for Cyrillic combining macrons.
Is there a third-party fix until they (hopefully will) fix it?