World turns completely black when having night vision, and being in the void or having blindness

The bug

If the player is under the effects of both Blindness and Night Vision at the same time, the world becomes completely black. HUD things like hand, debug info and inventory, as well as the sky, are still visible. This also occurs if you have Blindness while underwater, or Night Vision while at a negative Y level.

How to reproduce

1. Navigate to the Void (Y level < 0) or give yourself Blindness with /effect @p blindness

2. Give yourself the night vision effect with /effect @p night_vision
   → ❌ Notice the screen becomes completely black, effectively hiding the world.

3. Alternatively, give yourself Blindness while underwater.

Affected graphics cards

Possibly all non-NVIDIA ones

OpenGL: AMD Radeon HD 6800 Series GL version 4.5.13417 Compatibility Profile Context 15.301.1901.0, ATI Technologies Inc.
GL Caps: Using GL 1.3 multitexturing.
Using GL 1.3 texture combiners.
Using framebuffer objects because OpenGL 3.0 is supported and separate blending is supported.
Shaders are available because OpenGL 2.1 is supported.
VBOs are available because OpenGL 1.5 is supported.
Using VBOs: Yes

AMD Radeon HD 8250
4.3.12618 Compatibility Profile Context 13.251.0.0

Code analysis

Code analysis by @unknown can be found in this comment.