If you setblock certain blocks where they would get powered (e.g. onto redstone torch or redstone block), e.g. with:
/setblock <x> <y> <z> command_block{Command:"say test"}
the command block does not say "test", unless it receives a block update.
This occurs also with e.g. dispensers, droppers, note blocks.
See also:
MC-51340, it also happens if you got a block entity with NBT data (e.g. a command block with an inserted command) and make it fall, place it or clone it next to a power source, as well as
Code analysis by @unknown in this comment on bugpost MC-18631.
Blocks that do not update when placed with setblock:
(⚠️ Some of those would be useful for mapmakers to be left not updating, see #Note below)
doors
dispensers
droppers
command blocks
note blocks
levers
fence gates
beds
crops
repeaters
comparators
mushrooms
cake
carpet
dead bush
flowers
tall grass
ferns
flower pots
pressure plates
buttons
hopper
trapdoors
ladders
piston extension
piston heads
nether portals
saplings
snow layers
banners
signs
sponges
structure blocks
tripwire
tripwire hooks
vines
lily pads
rails
redstone lamps
torches
coral blocks
Blocks that do update:
anvils
sand
cactus
dragon eggs
grass path
gravel
concrete powder
farmland
fire
observers
pistons
redstone torches (lit state)
redstone wire (power state and supporting block)
stairs
sugar cane
TNT
In short:
Everything that needs support to exist stays aside from redstone wire, cactus, sugar cane and fire.
Gravity affected blocks fall.
Powered/lit/etc state stays the same except for pistons, redstone torches, redstone wire and TNT
sponges don't soak up water
⚠️ Decorative things like flowers, dead_bush, fern, grass, portals (anything that would naturally require a supporting block) would be in my personal opinion better to be left not updating by usage of commands, so mapmakers can still use it as decorative means for their maps.
Furthermore, when using the /clone-command, the cloned blocks should probably be cloned as-is, so, if you clone blockstated blocks, they should be cloned as that very blockstated block. In order to toggle that, if desired, it could be considered to add another cloneMode for this (see opposing opinion in MC-190526, which was closed as duplicate of this bugpost). A fill-command with intentionally blockstated blocks should not lead to updated blocks as well (unless specified command-wise); the same should also go for e.g. a structure block, as well as worldgen structure.
TLDR: It seems it could be great for mapmakers to be able to toggle blockstate updates, if possible also per-block; this would open up the ability to use blocks such as for example the 159 currently unused (naturally not generated automatically) blockstates giant mushroom blocks as retextured blocks for individual resource packs easily, without the same type of mushroom blocks updating, if placed next to each other also manually and thus have to e.g. alternate the block types, which lowers and complicates the amount of usable blocks.
Related issues
is duplicated by
relates to
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Duplicate of MC-30949

Reopened because MC-30949 is not an issue.
This is still a problem in 16w03a
Technically, setblock does trigger block updates, so the title is a bit incorrect. It's specific to nbt tag "states" (states saved in nbt rather than block states)...
Edit:
That's not also fully true, for example levers remain, but sand falls.
yep agreed about the title, if you setblock something next to it, it does trigger a block update, I wanted to already change the title when I was working on that bugpost, but I'm not sure how to phrase it yet and am still in the middle to update the other 2 related bugposts I own. If you mods/helpers got any idea how to word it best as title, please feel more than invited to change my bugposts 🙂
Added a list of all blocks that update and don't; it's rather inconsistent.
I'm thinking of a title based on this list.
This may be better.
Resolving as fixed, it's now consistent: no blocks update.
After further examination, this is not fixed for everything yet.

Can confirm for 17w49b

There is no version 17w19b. Can you please look at the window title for the real version name?

Confirmed for 18w05a, however farm_land, grass_path, and pistons (and tnt?) aren't updated anymore
Hello Alex³, TNT, pistons and farm_land does update for me (for farmland, set the randomTickSpeed to e.g. 30000, it will nearly immediately update), however grass_path doesn't for me either. I recall there was something like that mentioned in an older bugpost when grass path was started to be used in the villages.. iirc it didn't update underneath stairs, e.g. in front of the village houses, but I currently don't recall if it got fixed back then, maybe someone can find it.
Thanks for your help, have a nice weekend 🙂
Edit, @Mods: Grass path doesn't update if it's setblock'ed underneath an already-existing/-placed block, however it will update if you place the block above it after the grass path was set.
I don't know now if this is WaI now, and where to list grass path in the above table?
Other things like e.g. flowers also immediately update/pop off if you place a block at them/they receive a block update.
Because some !!! added coral blocks before me, i will help him. ticks in the eye
[media]
Confirmed for 1.13-pre6.
Confirmed for 1.13-pre7.
Confirmed for 1.13-pre8.
Confirmed for 1.13-pre9.
Confirmed for 1.13-pre10.
Confirmed for 1.13.
Confirmed for 18w30a.
Confirmed for 18w30b.
Confirmed for 18w31a.
Confirmed for 18w32a.
Confirmed for 18w33a.
Confirmed for 1.13.1.
Confirmed for 1.13.2-pre1.
Confirmed for 1.13.2-pre2.
Confirmed in 1.16-pre6.
Still happens in 20w27a
When try to open a trapdoor with the setblock command (/setblock ~ ~ ~ minecraft:spruce_trapdoor[facing=west,half=bottom,open=false,powered=true,waterlogged=false]) the trapdoor will open. 1.16.3
When try to open a door with the command in 1.15.2 (/setblock ~ ~ ~ minecraft:oak_door[facing=west,half=lower,hinge=left,open=true,powered=false]) the door will open.
When try to open a door in 1.16.3 with the ** same command (/setblock ~ ~ ~ minecraft:oak_door[facing=south,half=lower,hinge=left,open=true,powered=false]) nothing will happend and the game shows an error!
Can confirm in 21w05b.
Still happening in 1.17 snapshots. Is this going to be fixed at some point? It has been a while.

Can confirm in 21w41a.
I suggest mentioning /fill in this report as well.
Can confirm in 1.19.2.

Can confirm in 1.19.4

Due to the addition of the "strict" argument, I'd say make all blocks update fully when initially placed, unless strict.