When firing a bow and holding down the button to shoot, instead of shooting but switching to another item in the hotbar in an attempt to cancel the shot, it causes a bug where when you break blocks they don't drop the block or ore, etc.
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Also applies to the trident.

Pulling back your bow, then switching off it without firing seems to cause this bug.
You can correct it by going back to your bow and firing it, or relogging.

MCPE-32335 is probably a duplicate of this issue, rather than merely related to it. You may want to watch both tickets in case only the other one gets updated.
Thank you for your report!
However, this issue has been closed as Cannot Reproduce.
We were unable to reproduce the problem you are describing in the latest version.
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Tested this too can confirm. https://thumbs.gfycat.com/BossyFeistyLcont-size_restricted.gif