This will occur, since a long time ago singleplayer was made to use an integrated client and server, which introduces bugs like this which used to be multiplayer only--specifically, the server is lagging, causing blocks to take a long time to break.
Judging by the screenshot, the bug is that a fence which has been set ablaze appears to have "flyting Fire!" This would only be fixed by fire being coded to render inside other blocks if their models do not take up a full block.
Reinstall Minecraft fresh and try again...
Quoting your crash report crash-2016-03-19_12.47.16-client.txt: "Is Modded: Very likely; Jar signature invalidated" so yes, something is wrong or modded with your Minecraft installation.
Also duplicates MC-99406. (The thrown projectile is taking on your own velocity added to the velocity that it would ordinarily have had with 1.8's algorithm.)
F3+A only re-renders the chunks (reloads the graphics). Thus, the bug is that F3+A does not re-request the data from the server, contrary to what was implied by what we were told that it reloads chunks.
Anything that creates an unstable state in the world, that is, something that should not be permitted by the ordinary laws of Minecraft (floating sand, floating water, a block acting like it has the opposite redstone state than it actually does [say, unignited TNT next to redstone]) and which is destroyed by a block update (for my respective examples, the sand falls, the water flows, the TNT ignited), is probably a bug. That is, block update detectors should be 100% impossible. This being said, this bug was kind of cool (pun intended).
I would, myself, expect this, as you're rooted to the vehicle. There are two ways to resolve this, however, if it is unexpected and unintended behavior:
1. Have any attempt to teleport an entity cause them to be dismounted from any vehicle which they ride.
2. Have any attempt to teleport an entity teleport their vehicle if they are riding one (or their vehicle's vehicle, etc.).
To clarify Grum's comment further: I've looked at the code and it accepts the version directly as one of the arguments used to start minecraft's jarfile--and starting the jarfile is done and the arguments provided by whatever launcher you use.
English translation (tradução inglês):
I sometimes die of the Void*, there appear black columns, if I look far down, I see all black and if I change to spectator, I cannot see my person**.
The render distance is at 5 chunks. I tried for 32 chunks and the bug does not appear. (of the black background, I cannot see more of my person**)
I would like that they undo*** this black background because it quite inconveniences me, and as my computer is not weak it is recommended to play with render distance 32 chunks.
Thank you for your attention.
From: Luisqe22
To: Mojang
*Original text's literal translation: I sometimes die out of world, that is, when I am taking damage because I reach negative altitudes... (Eu as vezes eu morro fora do mundo, ou seja, quando eu estou a levar dano porque eu atingi altura negativas...)
**"person" was "doll" (boneco) in the original text
***original text says "they retire/withdraw" (retirassem)
So no, the bug is not that the obsidian pillars form down to Y=0; he refers to a "black background" and shows screenshots exclusively of triangles in the End sky (MC-41822). (tradução portugués: Assim não, o bug no é que pilares de obsidiana formam para a altura de Y=0; ele se refere a um "fundo preta" e mostra imagens exclusivamente de triângulos em o céu do Fim (MC-41822). (Aviso: o hiperlink é em Inglês))
To expound upon FVbico's statement, one would change, for example:
/summon Zombie ~ ~ ~ {IsBaby:1b, Riding:{id:Chicken}}
to:
/summon Chicken ~ ~ ~ {Passengers:{id:Zombie, IsBaby:1b}}
I feel like this is an effect of MC-74984; you may have been connected to another server where a wither spawned, and the tame animals/punch animals commands might not have worked right because they were sent to the wrong server*.
*Singleplayer worlds are just an integrated server and client that are on the same machine.
You wouldn't be able to tell the difference between the sounds with normal hearing (both sound like leather armor being equipped). Subtitles are supposed to stand in for normal hearing.
I suspect the client thinks you can milk through ladders and the server does not, meaning this might relate to MC-79925.
Do you heal super fast after you eat? That uses up saturation; try eating while at full health and without getting damaged.
If anyone wants to find this in the audio file using audio software (Windows Media Player, Adobe Audition), I found the first traces of it at about 1 minute 8.8 seconds into the file.
Confirmed on 15w45a. Interestingly, if I approach the edge of the loaded chunks, I get something like infinitely laggy block lag (can't dismount, mobs don't move, can't move, but client is responsive). (If it matters, it was on SMP and the server is tc2.techcraftmc.net.)
Confirmed in 15w45a, and I found a way to get rid of them: water and gravity still affect them, so you can maneuver them into the Void (where they at least won't bother you if they are not deleted).
Well, it seems my issue has been fixed, it either was a fluke to begin with or has been fixed since 15w31a. Sorry for taking so long to respond.
Caused by MC-100260.