When lightning strikes, starting from the corner of the block it hit, the area-effect goes 3 blocks out in all directions from the point of the strike; this ignores any intervening blocks, and can penetrate through a roof block and down two further blocks within a structure, as well as nine blocks above the point of the strike. Any item frames, paintings, and armor stands within this area are either immediately destroyed or knocked off the wall, and any items within them are apparently immediately destroyed in either case.
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I've included a couple of screenshots that visually illustrate what the area effect of lightning covers. Red represents the block that the lightning strikes, the orange shows what is within the effect of the lightning(inclusive of the area occupied by the orange blocks themselves), the green shows area outside the effects, and the blue represents a cutaway view of the blocks making up a home.
Something I've also noticed is that in addition to destroying item frames and paintings within the orange area, lightning can also injure or kill mobs that are within a structure as well.
Relates to MC-862.
I'm not sure about that. While paintings and item frames are technically entities, they are designed to function a lot like blocks.
Lightning strike destroying said entities is definitely WAI. Not sure about the block penetrating damage part.
Paintings, frames and armor stands are indeed entities, but as construction blocks, they are not taking damages anymore from lightning.
Wall penetration is WAI
Good to hear. Seems like the best solution, as I'm not even sure how you'd go about determining blocks providing protection anyway, considering all the possibilities like a pillar between the strike point, or something under an overhang that gets hit, but that has no walls, etc.
Further testing shows that this also affects paintings as well.