How to reproduce
Go to the middle of an ocean (without islands or landing places nearby) or build a pool so mobs in it cannot escape this body of water.
Put short mobs that can drown in it (I don't have a precise hitbox height to tell, but tested mobs are baby cats/chicken/pig/wolf/ocelot/ and silverfish)
It looks like they are swimming, but if you look carefully, they are a bit darker (more obvious for baby wolves), which means they are "submerged" in water according to the game engine.
Wait for them to drown
Note: This does not depends on water depth, they will try to float to the surface but still drowned just below the surface. It is not because they cannot swim, but they failed to float high enough to avoid drowning, which makes it an important distinction from another bug described below.
This bug should not be confused with MC-9388 Baby mobs cannot swim. I also originally thought that bug had reoccurred. However, there are several important distinctions:
It depends on the hitbox height, not whether the mob is a baby or not
For example, some tall babies will not drown, such as baby polar bears
The baby do float, and seems to be swimming above the surface, but is actually considered submerged by the game
A list of affected mobs as of 19w11b (before the reopening of this bug) can be found in the comment https://bugs.mojang.com/browse/MC-134755?focusedCommentId=515912&page=com.atlassian.jira.plugin.system.issuetabpanels%3Acomment-tabpanel#comment-515912
A list of affected mobs as of 1.14.3 (after the reopening of this bug) is:
BABY Foxes only
BABY cats only
Endermites
Silverfish
Pictures
1.12 (Expected behavior)
[media]1.13 (Actual behavior)
[media]Linked issues
is duplicated by 34
relates to 2
Attachments
Comments 31
The only mob I can confirm is doing this now (in 18w45a) is the silverfish. This is only for adult mobs though. I haven't tested it with babies.
Still happens in 19w02a, more specifically with cats which is very concerning considering they've been updated recently. (More people will be messing around with them)
Full grown cats and ocelots are doing this now too in the recent snapshot.