When you put a light under the water, it acts as if smooth lighting is off. I tested all the light sources that can be underwater and all had the same effect.
Same happens with night vision effect.
This can best be seen when setting Brightness to "Moody" in video settings.
Can't confirm in 1.8.3. Looking at your screenshots, you don't seem to actually be having the problem you are describing. That lighting is perfectly smooth.
It would be great to get this looked into for Minecraft 1.13 since the update is underwater themed and there are many other water-related technical changes.
What? I wasn't expecting that bug to be ever fixed. But I understand why, if it didn't affect a newly added thing (MC-205840), Mojang wouldn't fix it and it would take even longer to be fixed.
Can't confirm in 1.8.3. Looking at your screenshots, you don't seem to actually be having the problem you are describing. That lighting is perfectly smooth.